Introduction Intelligent systems increasingly operate in complex and dynamic environments. In such settings, accurate output depends not only on data

Introduction Intelligent systems are increasingly involved in decisions that affect people, organizations, and environments. From healthcare recommen

Introduction Building intelligent systems requires more than isolated algorithms. To support reasoning, learning, memory, and decision-making in a co

Introduction As artificial intelligence evolves toward more human-like behavior, understanding how thinking can be formally modeled becomes increasin

Introduction Artificial intelligence is moving beyond fast computation toward systems that can understand, reason, and adapt. As AI grows more comple

Introduction As artificial intelligence systems grow larger and more energy-intensive, concerns about sustainability, transparency, and efficiency ar

Introduction Recent advances in artificial intelligence have been dominated by data-driven and deep learning approaches. While these methods excel in

Introduction For artificial intelligence to reason, learn, and make decisions, it must first understand how knowledge is structured. Raw data alone i

Introduction While modern artificial intelligence has achieved remarkable success in perception and pattern recognition, it still struggles with logi

Introduction As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, the demand for systems that can do more than execute predefined tasks has become increas